Making Poverty History: Dorothea Lange's iconic portrait of a Depression Era mother and her children speaks of a time when poverty was a problem to be solved - not a condition to be sneered at.
WHEN ENOUGH PEOPLE ARE POOR, poverty changes. Instead of
being seen as the outward manifestation of vice, poverty is transformed into
the enabler of virtue. In communities where everyone is poor, the merits of
compassion, solidarity and generosity are everywhere on display. Poor people
support one another, take care of one another, defend one another.
In societies where wealth and resources are controlled by a
tiny minority, it is the rich who find themselves stigmatised. Their greed,
love of luxury and relentless selfishness are everywhere condemned. In the eyes
of the poor, wealth and vice are indistinguishable.
Eighty-five years ago, at the height of the Great Depression,
poverty stalked four out of every five New Zealand streets. More than one in
four men of working age were unemployed, and those who still had jobs were
forced to accept regular – often savage – reductions in their wages and
salaries.
As the economic crisis deepened, the spectre of poverty
crept out of the urban slums and into the leafy suburbs of the middle-class.
Respectable men on respectable salaries found themselves “let go”. Poverty
ceased to be something that affected the “lower orders”. Now ordinary “decent”
people were staring it in the face.
In 2017, with a general election looming, the issue of
poverty still ranks as one of New Zealand’s big voter motivators. People
sleeping in their cars; children succumbing to Third World diseases; workers lining-up
at food banks for assistance; whole families going hungry to pay the power bill
and keep the landlord happy: those lucky enough to live in the three out of
four streets where poverty does not intrude have been made to feel profoundly
uneasy by its evident proximity.
In a society where only a quarter of children are being
raised in poverty, however, the remedies for privation and despair are hotly
contested. With security and comfort now the norm in New Zealand, the question
a great many voters ask themselves is: “What is going on in these families
which prevents them from living a happy and productive life like the rest of
us?”
In 1935, the answer to that question could be reduced to two
words: “The Slump”. The effects of the Great Depression weighed upon the whole
of New Zealand like a leaden overcoat. It made all the old explanations of
poverty redundant. Whoever was to blame for the collapse of the capitalist
economy – it wasn’t the poor.
And, for those who were hurting, the remedy was clear: vote
for the party pledged to make poverty history. Let the state take the place of
your family, friends and neighbours and become the collective deliverer of
compassion, solidarity and generosity. All those things denied the poor: good
jobs on good pay; free education and health care; a warm, dry house at an
affordable rent; a measure of equality in the workplace; state assistance in
old age, infirmity and economic adversity; these were the changes that Labour
promised – and delivered.
Not only was poverty (in the sense of the harsh economic and
social conditions experienced by a clear majority of the population in the
early years of capitalism) reduced dramatically by the creation of the Welfare
State, but in the decades that followed its moral character underwent an
enormous revision.
No longer was poverty seen as the consequence of the
viciously rich and their failed economic system. No longer was it celebrated as
the creator of virtuous behaviour. Now it was regarded as the consequence of
individual and familial inadequacy. Now it was the poor who exemplified vice.
Laziness, drunkenness, violence, cruelty and crime: these became the new
markers of Poverty.
The National Party’s twenty-first century response to this
re-defined poverty is unequivocal: deal with the individual and familial
inadequacies of the poor and the vicious circles of deprivation can be broken.
They call it “Social Investment”.
Labour’s position is much more difficult. Gone are the days
when an economically victimised majority saw themselves as the deserving
beneficiaries of a long overdue and radical redistribution of society’s
resources. In 2017, the no-longer-poor majority identify much more readily as
taxpayers, and are much less certain that Labour’s (and the Greens’) compassion,
solidarity and generosity are entitlements to which the “undeserving poor” have
any claim.
Poverty will be motivating voters in 2017 – but in ways far
removed from those of 1935.
This essay was
originally published in The Waikato Times, The Taranaki Daily News, The
Timaru Herald, The Otago Daily Times and The Greymouth Star of Friday, 16 June 2017.


